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'Supplementation of Eurycoma longifolia Jack Extract for 6 Weeks Does Not Affect
Urinary Testosterone: Epitestosterone Ratio, Liver and Renal Functions in Male
Recreational Athletes'.
International Journal
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The Eurycoma
Longifolia Freeze-Dried Water Extract-Physta Does not Change Normal Ratios of Testosterone
to Epitestosterone in Healthy Males
Article (PDF Available) · January 2013 with 41 Reads
DOI:
10.4172/2161-0673.1000127
16.19 · Biotropics Malaysia Berhad
24.41 · Unknown
19.94 · Universiti of Science Malaysia
14.28 · Universiti Sains Malaysia
Abstract
Eurycoma longifolia is traditionally known for its adaptogenic properties
and often used for the general well-being and increased performance in daily
life. Methods: In a randomized, double blind, placebo-controlled clinical
trial, 40 Malaysian men aged 30-55 years performed a battery of physical
testings during which the ratio of Testosterone (T) to Epitestosterone (E) was
analyzed. The daily intake was 300 mg of the freeze-dried water extract of
Eurycoma longifolia root (Physta ® , Biotropics Malaysia) or placebo for a
period of 12 weeks. Results: At the end of the study the T/E-ratio in the
herbal group ranged from 0.03 to 2.95 and was not significantly different from
values at baseline (p=0.49). Further, the ratio-values for E. longifolia
compared to placebo did not change over time. The weight lifting force which
measures muscular strength using back & leg strength test, increased
significantly from baseline to end of the study in the herbal group by
approximately 14 kg (p=0.0166). Conclusion: The ratios of testosterone to
epitestosterone did not change during a 12-weeks E. longifolia intake. The data
suggest that this herb does not exhibit "doping"-like effects.
Instead, muscular strength improved significantly in the back and leg with E.
longifolia supplementation rendering this herb good for physical performance
minus the doping effects. Copyright: © 2013 George A, et al. This is an
open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons
Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and
reproduction in any medium, provided the original author and source are
credited.
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Int J
Prev Med. 2014 Jun; 5(6): 728–733.
PMCID: PMC4085925
Supplementation of Eurycoma
longifolia Jack Extract
for 6 Weeks Does Not Affect Urinary Testosterone: Epitestosterone Ratio, Liver
and Renal Functions in Male Recreational Athletes
Chee Keong Chen, Wan Mohd Zahiruddin Wan
Mohamad,1 Foong Kiew Ooi, Shaiful Bahari Ismail,2 Mohamad Rusli Abdullah,1 and Annie George3
Abstract
INTRODUCTION
Eurycoma longifolia Jack (ElJ) or commercially known as Tongkat Ali in
Malaysia, Pasak Bumi in Indonesia, Piak or Tung Saw in Thailand and Cay Ba Binh
in Vietnam is a popular medicinal plant in the family of simaroubaceae.[1]
ElJ is a shrub tree that grows up to 10 m in height and has long pinnate leaves
that are green in color.[2]
ElJ is highly demanded due to its tremendous health benefits and thus ElJ
preparations are currently available in the health food market in the form of
raw crude powder where the root is dried and grinded without involving any
other chemical processing procedures.[3]
ElJ is also available in the form of capsules which contain raw crude powder or
standardized ElJ extract which is prepared by separating the active ingredients
and adjusting the preparations to a defined content of a constituent and
subsequently concentrating it to a standard level.[3]
For instance, Physta® is a proprietary freeze-dried water extract of ElJ
root which is commercially available. ElJ is also available as an additive
brewed with coffee and canned as processed drinks.[4,5]
Chemical
compounds that have been isolated particularly from the root of ElJ include
eurycomanone, eurycomanol, eurycomalactone, canthine-6-one alkaloid,
9-hydroxycanthine-6-one, 14.15 β-hydroxyklaineanone, phenolic components,
tannins, quanissoids and triterpenes.[6,7,8,9]
These compounds have demonstrated to possess medicinal values such as
anticoagulant for complications during child birth,[10] aphrodisiac,[11,12,13] antimalarial,[14,15,16] antibacterial,[17] anticancer,[18] anxiolytic[19] and antiulcer.[20] In addition, ElJ has been reported to have antioxidative properties
due to its high concentrations of superoxide dismutase.[21] ElJ is also popular for its aphrodisiac property due to its ability
to stimulate the production or action of androgen hormones, especially
testosterone. Hence, it can be used as an alternative for testosterone
replacement therapy[2]
and for the treatment of osteoporosis in androgen-deficient males.[22] Human trials have also demonstrated that ElJ supplementation
increased the level of testosterone.[23,24] The precise mechanism for its androgenic effect is still unclear but
these data have indicated the potential of ElJ as a natural booster to serum
testosterone.
It is a
well-known fact that the use of testosterone to enhance athletic performance is
prohibited in sports. In order to reveal such an abuse in any sportsman or
sportswoman, urine tests have been endorsed. In normal healthy individuals,
testosterone: Epitestosterone (T:E) are produced in the ratio of 1:1. Thus, it
is assumed that the urinary T:E ratio increases in athletes taking exogenous
compounds containing testosterone. According to the guidelines of World
Anti-Doping Agency in 2004, if an athlete has a urinary T:E ratio of >4:1,
he/she is deemed to have consumed excessive amount of substance that contains
testosterone and this urine sample will be submitted to isotopic ratio mass
spectrometry (IRMS) for the determination of the13C/12C ratio.
The IRMS test on the urine samples will be able confirm the illegal usage of a
banned substance because exogenous compounds contain less 13C than their endogenous
homologue 12C.[25]
With
all these documented properties of ElJ, particularly its antioxidative and
testosterone enhancing properties, it is surprising to note that studies on the
effects of ElJ on sports performance are scarce. However, several studies have
demonstrated that ElJ supplementation did not seem to improve sports
performance.[26,27,28] Acute supplementation of ElJ in the form of a herbal drink at a low
dosage (0.7 ± 0.1 mg/trial) consumed half an hour before the experimental
trials did not enhance endurance cycling performance of young trained cyclists
in a thermoneutral environment.[26,27] Similarly, Muhamad, et
al.,[28] reported that supplementation of ElJ at a dosage of 150 mg/day for 7
days also did not indicate any beneficial effect on endurance running capacity
and selected physiological responses of recreational athletes in the heat.
However, Hamzah and Yusof[29] have reported that supplementation of water soluble extracts of ElJ
at a dosage of 100 mg/day for 5 weeks increased fat free mass, muscle strength
and size in healthy adult males. Since data on the effectiveness of ElJ
supplements on sports performance is still inconclusive, future studies with
supplementation of ElJ at a higher dosage and for a longer duration may be
warranted. Nevertheless, the two main concerns for future studies that are
designed to investigate the effects of ElJ supplementation on human sports
performance are: (1) Will ElJ supplementation at a higher dosage lead to
toxicity and (2) will ElJ supplementation at a higher dosage result in any
increase in the urinary T:E ratio above the limit set by International Olympic
Committee (IOC).
To the best of our knowledge, until date, there is no scientific data
on the effects of a high dosage and prolonged ElJ supplementation on urinary
T:E ratio, liver and renal functions. Thus, the objective of this study was to
investigate the effects of a water extract of ElJ supplemented at a dosage of
400 mg/day for 6 weeks on T:E ratio, liver and renal functions in male
recreational athletes.
METHODS
A total of 13 healthy male recreational athletes (age: 29.0 ± 5.5
years; VO2 max: 51.7 ± 6.8 ml/kg/min) were recruited in this double
blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over study [Table 1]. Participants were screened to ensure that they had
no history of renal or liver disease and were requested to refrain from
consuming any other nutritional products that contain ElJ except those provided
by the researchers. The participants were required to consume either 400 mg of
Physta®, a standardized water extract of ElJ, manufactured at
Phytes Biotek Sdn Bhd or placebo (maltodextrin) daily for 6 weeks as the first
supplementation regimen. Following a 3 week wash-out period, the participants
were requested to consume the other supplement for another 6 weeks. The order
of these two supplementation regimens was randomized.
Physical characteristics
and physiological profiles of the participants
Prior
to and after 6 weeks of supplementation with ElJ and after 6 weeks of
supplementation with placebo, participants reported to the Sports Science
laboratory for collection of urine and blood samples for subsequent analysis of
urinary T:E ratio and renal and liver functions respectively. Each participant
was required to collect a mid-stream 20-30 ml urine sample into a sterile
specimen collection jar and the urine sample was subsequently transferred into
storage tubes. A volume of 2 ml of blood was also collected from each
participant through a 5 ml sterile syringe for the determination of renal and
liver function tests. Both the urine and blood samples were kept frozen at
–20°C for later analysis of T:E ratio and renal and liver function tests
respectively.
The determination of T:E ratio was performed by the staff of the Doping
Control Centre, Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang, a National Association of
Testing Authorities, Australia-accredited laboratory. The quantification of T:E
ratio was determined by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS). The free
and conjugated T and E were extracted by solid phase extraction using the Nexus
(Varian) column combined with liquid-liquid extraction using tert-butyl methyl
ether, followed by hydrolysis using enzyme β-glucuronidase from Esherichia coli K12 (Roche Diagnostics Mannheim,
Germany); extracts were then derivatized with activated
N-methyl-N-trimethylsilyl-trifluoroacetamide. The calibration of T was
performed using concentration levels of between 2 and 80 ng/mL while the values
for E was between 2 and 20 ng/mL. Selected ion monitoring mode with electron
ionization on the GC/MS was used for both identification and quantification of
both T and E. The standard renal and liver function tests were performed by the
staff of Gribbles Pathology (M) Pvt. Ltd., a Laboratory Accreditation Scheme of
Malaysia-accredited laboratory. The liver function test included the
determination of total protein, albumin, bilirubin, alkaline phosphatase, gamma
glutamyl transpeptidase, alanine amino transferase and aspartate amino
transferase while the renal function test included sodium, potassium, chloride,
urea, creatinine, uric acid, calcium and phosphate.
Statistical analysis
Statistical analyzes were performed using the Statistical Package for
Social Sciences (SPSS version 18.0). Paired t-test
was used to determine the differences between the dependent variables: T:E
ratio, liver and renal function tests prior to and after the intervention
period. Statistical significance was set at P < 0.05.
RESULTS
Prior to the supplementation regimen, urinary T:E ratio were 0.69:1 and
0.84:1 in the placebo and ElJ groups respectively [Figure 1]. Following the 6 weeks of supplementation period,
this ratio were 0.63:1 and 0.74:1 in the placebo and ElJ groups respectively.
There were no statistical differences between groups at baseline and at
post-intervention. In addition, were also no significant changes in these
values from baseline and after 6 weeks of supplementation with either ElJ or
placebo. Thus, the urinary T:E ratios of the participants prior to and after
both the supplementation regimens were below the threshold limit of 4:1 set by
IOC.
Urinary
testosterone:Epitestosterone ratio at baseline and following 6 weeks of
supplementation with Eurycoma longifolia Jack or placebo
The
concentrations of the enzymes for the liver function test at baseline were 47.6
g/L, 21.7 u/L, 23.4 u/L, 31.7 g/L, 29.5 u/L, 72.0 g/L, 10.1 umol/L for albumin,
alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), globulin,
gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT), total protein and total bilirubin respectively
[Table 2]. After the 6 weeks supplementation regimen, these
concentrations were 45.2 g/L versus 45.2 g/L; 19.5 u/L versus 20.9 u/L, 24.6
u/L versus 26.3 u/L, 29.8 g/L versus 31.9 g/L, 26.9 u/L versus 30.6 u/L, 75.0
g/L versus 77.7 g/L, 14.3 umol/L versus 12.8 umol/L for ALT, AST, GGT, total
protein and total bilirubin in the placebo and ElJ groups respectively. There
was no statistical significance between the levels of these enzymes at post
intervention compared with the baseline levels in both groups.
Liver function test values
at baseline and 6 weeks after supplementation
The concentrations of the parameters for the renal function test at
baseline were 139.2 mmol/L, 4.1 mmol/L, 103.6 mmol/L, 4.1 mmol/L, 0.5 mmol/L,
93.2 umol/L, 2.4 mmol/L and 1.0 mmol/L for sodium, potassium, chloride, urea,
uric acid, creatinine, calcium and phosphate respectively [Table 3]. After the 6 weeks supplementation regimen, these
concentrations were 139.9 versus 140.5 mmol/L, 4.0 versus 4.3 mmol/L, 103.9
versus 104.1 mmol/L, 5.2 versus 5.2 mmol/L, 0.4 versus 0.4 mmol/L, 89.3 versus
90.2 umol/L, 2.4 versus 2.3 mmol/L and 1.1 versus 1.2 mmol/L for sodium,
potassium, chloride, urea, uric acid, creatinine, calcium and phosphate
respectively. There was no statistical significance between the levels of these
parameters at post intervention compared with the baseline levels in both
groups.
Renal function test values at
baseline and 6 weeks after supplementation
DISCUSSION
The urinary T:E ratio of the ElJ group after the supplementation
regimen was below the cut-off point of 4:1 by the IOC Medical Commission. Thus,
the findings of this investigation indicated that ElJ supplementation for 6
weeks at a dosage of 400 mg/day would not induce a T:E ratio that was
prohibited by the IOC Medical Commission. In addition, this ElJ supplementation
regimen did not result in any adverse effects on the liver and renal functions
of the participants.
Tambi, et al.,[24] have shown that ElJ (Physta®) improved the concentration of serum testosterone in
hypogonadic men (men with low serum testosterone levels) and hence concluded
that ElJ has potential as a natural substitute to testosterone. The ergogenic
effect of ElJ in men has been demonstrated by Hamzah and Yusof[29] when they reported that water-soluble extract of ElJ (100 mg/day for
5 weeks) increased fat free mass, muscular strength and size. However,
subsequent but limited studies did not seem to substantiate the ergogenic
properties of ElJ on sports performance.[26,28]
Acute supplementation of ElJ at a low dosage (0.67 mg of ElJ per trial)
did not improve endurance cycling capacity among young cyclists in a
thermoneutral environment.[26] Subsequently, we increased the dosage and duration of ElJ to 150
mg/day for 7 days on recreational athletes.[28] However, the results of this study also did not seem to provide any
beneficial effect of ElJ supplementation on endurance running performance.
Since the supplementation of ELJ showed ergogenic benefits in studies by Hamzah
and Yusoff[29] with supplementation of 100 mg over 5 weeks, whereas in subsequent
studies by Ooi, et al.[26] and Muhamad, et al.,[28] with shorter supplementation period (0.67 mg ELJ for ½ h and 150 mg
ELJ for 7 days respectively) did not, it is possible that the duration and
dosage of supplementation was not sufficient to affect performance. It has been
reported that ElJ in the form of water soluble extract i.e. Physta® is
non-toxic even at a high dose of 600 mg to the liver function, renal function,
hematological profile, lipid profile and immune function in healthy males.[21] Similarly, our present data also indicated that supplementation of
ElJ at 400 mg/day for 6 weeks did not induced toxicity to the liver and renal
functions among the participants. Hence, higher dosage and longer duration of
supplementation of ElJ in humans may be warranted to evaluate its ergogenic
property.
CONCLUSIONS
Prolonged ElJ supplementation i.e. Physta® at
400 mg/day for 6 weeks did not affect urinary T:E ratio and hence will not
breach doping policies of the International Olympic Committee for exogenous
testosterone or precursor administration. In addition, supplementation at this
dosage and duration was non-toxic to the liver and renal functions. However,
future studies with a higher dosage and longer supplementation period is still
warranted to ensure that ElJ does not pose any doping issue or compromise the
safety of the individuals consuming them.
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
We wish
to extend our sincere gratitude to all the subjects who have participated in
this study. We also want to express our appreciation to Mdm. Jamaayah bt. Meor
Osman, Mdm. Norlida bt Azalan and Mdm. Hafizah bt. Hamzah for their technical
assistance in the Sports Science Laboratory, Universiti Sains Malaysia,
Kelantan, Malaysia throughout this study. Special thanks to Prof. Aishah bt.
Abdul Latiff and Normaliza bt.Hj. Abdul Manaf from the Doping Control Center,
Universiti Sains Malaysia, Penang for the analysis of testosterone:
Epitestosterone ratio. We would like to thank Biotropics Malaysia Berhad, Kuala
Lumpur, Malaysia, for financial support of this clinical trial. Annie George is
an employee of this company.
Footnotes
Source
of Support: Biotropics Malaysia Berhad
Conflict
of Interest: None declared.
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Contoh Menteri yang paling aktif 'Sihat Bertenaga 24/7'.
'Nanti nak joint KJ, soon. Kayuhan km sikit-sikit dulu'
Pengamal TEGAR NU-PREP.
Anggota tentera dari PD, ANDA semua terbaik demi negara.
Latihan Zumba, kalau berani 1 jam TANPA BERHENTI.
( sambung selepas ZOHOR ).
JIHAD KESIHATAN - 'FITMALAYSIA' Selangor
( 27hb Ogos, 2016-Bukit Changgang ). Produk Nu-Prep, sentiasa Bertenaga adalah
'supplement' rasmi untuk semua ahli sukan negara & yang aktif bersukan.
Terbaik untuk ANDA. 'FITMALAYSIA', Bakal bersama ANDA disemua negeri.
#fitmalaysia #fit #fitness #kbsmalaysia #msnmalaysia #isnmalaysia#kkmmalaysia Produk di daftarkan & perolehi
KELULUSAN #bpfk #jakimHALAL
adalah segalanya #sukan #harimaumalaya #jdtmalaysia#pialamalaysia #arenasukan #afc #dopingfree ADAMAS,
Mumbai 2014#dengkil #banting #sekolah #harisukannegara #hsn #fitmalaysiaselangor#fitmalaysiajohor #fitmalaysiaperak
Produk paling berjaya di bawah 'Komitmen
Kerajaan Malaysia - NKEA ' Bidang Utama Ekonomi Negara' yang terhasil dari
kerjasama 'Government of Malaysia & MIT - USA'. Penghasilan proses pati
asli & keberkesanan kebaikan keatas tubuh badan dipatenkan di USA, EU,
Japan & Malaysia. ( dilindungi di bawah HAK HARTA INTELEK ). Produk
berasaskan dari herba Tongkat Ali yang pertama di dunia mempunyai 15 kajian
klinikal TERBUKTI. ( yang lain di pasaran TIDAK menepati peraturan / standard
SIRIM - dari sudut proses & dosnya ). #sirimmalaysia #myipo #moa #frim#mardi produk berada disemua farmasi #guardianmalaysia#watsonmalaysia
#ptwiduri
Kajian klinkal mengurangkan tekanan
badan 'Stress Reducer' #jisnn mengatasi keletihan ( tidak ke arah keletihan
melampau ) #andrologia 'First International Journal of Andrology'. Produk yang
disaran / digalakan untuk BERSTAMINA oleh Persatuan Pengguna Islam Malaysia
#ppim #stamina
Aktiviti di bawah 'Komitmen Kerajaan' Rujuk 15 kajian klinikal terbukti http://biotropicsmalaysia.com/
FITMALAYSIA
24hb September 2016.
Macang, Kelantan.
TERBAIK & TERIMA KASIH.
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